Social Media Marketing The Fast Food Industry Essay

Social Media Marketing Strategy in the Fast Food Industry The fast food industry is one of the largest industries in the United States. The industry has been growing at a very fast rate over the past few years and shows signs of slowing down. The industry’s growth has been fuelled by intensive media campaigns and the country’s love for fast food. Social media marketing has also fuelled the growth in the fast food industry. With fewer advertisements on television, fast food chains have invested heavily on social media advertising as a way of reaching a wider audience. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Youtube are some of the popular avenues used by fast food restaurants to market their products. Different companies use different social media marketing strategies. However, the end goal is the same; to increase sales. In this perspective, it is important to examine how fast food companies use social media as a marketing tool and whether it has been successful or not. Reasons Why Fast Food Restaurants use Social Media One of the key reasons why fast food restaurants use social media is to increase their target market. Social media platforms have opened up the world in such a way that whatever is posted on these platforms reaches a global audience. Looking at some of the fast food restaurants social media pages reveals that they have millions of followers, from all over the world. Through social media, they are no longer limited to the localShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For Taco Bell1556 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary Taco Bell is a mainly national fast food restaurant specializing in Tex-Mex cuisine. Taco Bell is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc. They serve over 2 billion customers each year and have over 6,500 restaurants, with about 80% of them being owned independently as franchises. Vision Mission Vision – Taco Bell will grow into the largest fast food provider of Mexican style cuisine in emerging markets. The brand will have an established presence in Asia, South America, and AfricaRead MoreLasting Effect Of Marketing On Children Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesLasting Effect of Marketing to Children In the past few decades, fast food companies has invested heavily in advertising to children and young adults, in return they’ll become the future of consumers of the next generation prolong business profits. Children between the ages 8 to 12 years old are exposed highest to fast food media marketing and those years are critical stages of development as this forms their eating habits for adulthood. Fast food corporations are utilizing all sources of outletRead MoreMarketing Environment Analysis1338 Words   |  6 PagesRegulatory Regulations around food trucks can very wildly depending on locations. They must meet many similar codes and regulations that restaurants do because of food safely laws(â€Å"How to Start a Retail Food Business†) . They must also be knowledgeable able of all of the local sanitation regulations. A lack of regulations though is linked with a growth in the industry (Odendahl 2012). Vending laws also play a big part, when and where can your truck operate? Your location influence this a lotRead MoreNon Communicable Diseases ( Ncds )1322 Words   |  6 Pagesdisease.† The main causes of NCDs are unhealthy diet and physical inactivity (WHA, 2004). Although there are other significant contributing factors as well like tobacco and alcohol use but unhealthy food and inactivity are relatively more common risks due to increased trends of sedentary lifestyle and junk food consumption. Moreover very less attention has been given in preventing this rapidly penetrating risk factors of unhealthy diet and lack of exercise in communities. Majority of NCDs are closely relatedRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Doughnut Time ( 2016 )1646 Words   |  7 Pagescapitalise on the use of social media, unique locations and offerings (refer to table 1). Despite desserts being considered non-essential, high levels of competition and healthy eating trends (refer to table 1), the business has successfully established itself within the fast food and dessert industry, which is set to grow in the next five years (Tonkin, 2016). The company has a distinctive vintage flair, yet modern take on doughnut names and designs, becoming popular on social media (Doughnut Time, 2016)Read MoreChipotle Market Segmentation And Product Strategy1155 Words   |  5 PagesChipotle headquarters are located at 1401 Wynkoop Street, Denver, Colorado 80202. The company operates in the restaurant industry and more specifically the fast casual Mexican restaurant market. Market Segmentation Analysis Chipotle Mexican Grill is a fast casual Mexican Restaurant that operates from the United States. Although the restaurant is specifically segmented to the fast casual Mexican restaurant market, it does not simply operate in this realm. Chipotle is also successful operating in theRead MoreFast Food Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesFood is a necessity in life. In making the right choices, we can have a healthy life. Sadly, America is not making those healthy choices. Contrary to our education and information about junk food, the fast food industry is still ever growing to this day. The fast food industry in America is an excellently funded, well-oiled machine that will not stop until we make better choices as consumers. Big business is winning, profits are garnered but unfortunately Americans are losing years of their livesRead MoreMarketing Plan For New Business Healthy Food Industry1727 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis and marketing plan for new business in healthy food industry. The repo rt presents the overview, competitors in the industry, target market and SWOT analysis. The aim of this report is to help you in designing market plan. There is rising potential business opportunity in this Industry because consumers are showing greater concerns over eating healthy. Therefore the numbers of potential and existing direct competitors are on rise too. However, tactical and strategically marketing plans couldRead MoreMcdonald s Swot Analysis For Marketing Success1238 Words   |  5 Pageswill be more convenient to the customers McDonalds also identifies different types of customer and their needs through social media or the market research. And according to it they decide what to produce. And also finds out that how they can improve in employees, quality or the advertisement. It also conducts swot analysis for marketing success. McDonalds sets up their marketing strategies according to swot analysis. McDonalds started improving their menus according to their customers needs. AndRead MoreObesity in America: Fast Food Restaurants are NOT the Problem918 Words   |  4 PagesWith the continued growth of fast food restaurants, low priced food, and fast friendly service, these restaurants have become very appealing to the average consumer. With this increase in popularity, there has come many problems for these companies associated with the fast food industry. These stores are being blamed for the rise of obesity and other health issues in America; leading to many wanting a ban or probation on these fast food restaurants. The Government has stepped in on this issue and

Biology Of Disease And Therapeutics - 1386 Words

MSc Biomedical Science Edinburgh Napier University Biology of Disease and Therapeutics Coursework Part A 2015 QUESTION A - DATA HANDLING EXERCISE Below are data from a Phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials, testing the effectiveness of two doses of a new drug designed to lower glucose concentrations in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes. In each trial, patients with Type 2 diabetes were randomised to receive one of two doses of drug or matching placebo once daily for 10 weeks. Whilst the drug has been well tolerated in earlier testing, it has been noted that higher doses are associated with unwanted side effects such as dizziness and nausea. Table 1. Demographics of Clinical Trial Participants (n=18) Patient details Trial drug: Napsentan Total number 18 Male 10 Female 8 Age 50-72 years Source: Fictitious data, for illustration purposes only Table 2. Trial 1 data (Napsentan) Group Plasma glucose (fasting) before treatment (mmol/l) Plasma glucose (fasting) after treatment (mmol/l) Placebo (n =6) 7.32 7.28 7.42 7.36 7.68 7.54 8.10 7.89 7.96 8.02 7.63 7.56 100 mg Napsentan (n = 6) 7.52 6.15 7.34 6.32 8.14 6.08 7.66 6.53 7.58 6.32 7.92 6.05 300 mg Napsentan (n = 6) 7.36 6.02 7.34 6.31 7.65 6.02 8.21 6.46 7.12 6.04 7.03 6.11 Source: Fictitious data, for illustration purposes only QUESTION A A1. Explain why it is important to have randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinicalShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Biosynthetic Organisms761 Words   |  4 PagesEach time a new human disease is discovered, the scientific community attempts to find a way to cure it. The success of almost all medicines can be found in their molecular mechanisms. It is not abnormal for therapies to alter the way the human body or an invasive organism functions. For thousands of years, living organisms such as plants were the major source of medicines (Trosset Carbonell, 2015). However, there is difficulty in resynthesizing natural products and renders them less than idealRead MoreThe Role Of Bioenergetics On Disease And Use Of Small Molecule Therapeutics Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pages Role of Bioenergetics in Disease and use of Small Molecule Therapeutics Name Institutional Affiliations Role of Bioenergetics in Disease and use of Small Molecule Therapeutics Introduction The study of bioenergetics includes and not limited to study of biological membranes incurred in energy conversion and transfer. In particular, the study concentrates on structures acquired using X-ray craystallography, molecular mechanisms of the photosynthesis processes, bacteriaRead MoreHuman Genetics And Molecular Mechanisms1657 Words   |  7 Pagespursue a comprehensive undergraduate course at Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, (Raipur, India). My undergraduate studies gave me an opportunity to learn a wide variety of concepts in human genetics along with chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, and biotechnology. As part of my curriculum, I worked for a summer research project involved with Human Cytogenetics in Genetech which is India’s one of the leading genetic testing laboratory based in Hyderabad. This gave me a hands-on training inRead MoreDrug Classification System ( Atc )904 Words   |  4 Pagesdiagnose a disease or to promote well-being. Traditionally dr ugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders. Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into groups of related drugs that have similar chemical structures, the same mechanism of action, a related mode of action, and that are used to treat the same disease. The Anatomical Therapeutic ChemicalRead MoreHow Cultured Hippocampal Neurons And Proteins And Rna Transport763 Words   |  4 Pagesand characterize synaptic proteome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014,111(45): 16154-9. (B): The 2016 Cell Biology of the Neuron†¨Gordon Research Conference in Waterville Valley, NH is devoted to outstanding discoveries in neural development, function, regeneration as well as diseases. Neuronal cell biology has emerged as one of the most exciting and rapidly moving fields in contemporary biology. This field is experiencing a revolution in imaging technology and at the same time, powerful molecular andRead MoreThe Importance of Biology in the Study of Psychology Essay991 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Biology in the Study of Psychology Ashley B. McVey Cecil College Abstract Whether it is the study of biopsychology and other fields of psychology or neuroscience, all psychologists and scientists are trying to understand the functions of the brain. The body and mind connection and how it reacts to certain behaviors or illnesses. Most all psychological functioning can be reduced to underlying brain processes. This should serve as reason alone as to why biology plays an importantRead MoreEssay On Engineering E. Coli Cells1019 Words   |  5 PagesObjective: This study aims to use synthetic biology methods to engineer E. coli cells to target, invade, and deliver therapeutic agents to breast cancer tumor growths. Non-pathogentic E. coli strains will be engineered to express an artificial plasmid which allows for eukaryotic cell invasion. Bacterial cells will be further programmed with an AND logic gate allowing for specificity for breast cancer cell invasion. Finally, E. coli cells will express a dual plasmid system to control population growthRead MoreA Rese arch Study On Synthetic Biology1324 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 Fundamental research Synthetic biology has a lot to offer in fundamental research. Starting from the most well characterised laboratory organism, E.coli, we are still in half way from full knowledge of understanding the function of all its genes as the functions of 20% of them are still to be identified (Keseler et al., 2011). Moreover there are many more other microorganisms with great importance which are even less-well understood. Synthetic biology provides the ability to make specificRead MoreThe Four Main Determinants Of Health1702 Words   |  7 Pagesperson, so it is very important for healthcare workers, especially nurses, to know the causes, affects, responses, and symptoms that occur in unhealthy and healthy lifestyles. This paper will outline and discuss the four main determinants of health; biology and genetics, individual behavior, physical environment, and social circumstances, and how healthcare providers such as nurses can use this knowledge to promote health. By having a better understanding of healthy lifestyles, and the factors that contributeRead MoreThe Science Community is Constantly Advancing Technology1464 Words   |  6 Pagesfield of biology, is constantly advancing technology and society while being influenced by them at the same time. The case of antibodies is no exception. Antibodies have had a pivotal role in disease therapy and vaccine design which has been able to save the lives of millions. This paper will introduce and review antibodies and their relevance to biological advancement as well as the development and application of the research into society. It will also demonstrate how the field of biology, technology

Overseas Expansion for Case Study of Mcdonald - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOverseas Expansion for Case Study of Mcdonald. Answer: Overseas expansion is now very common with many small and large size organizations. This is full of opportunities to many while on the other hand it offers bunch of challenges as well. Despite the fact there is an incrementing trend in the overseas expansion. The expansion has benefitted the many while on the other side it has challenged the survival of few others (Pan et al. 2017). McDonald is no other exception. The company has started its journey from being just a family burger to become a global recognition (Hak and Gr?bosz 2016). The study shows a brief journey of McDonalds to the position it is at present. Moreover, the main purpose of this assignment is to understand the process of internationalization through the example of McDonalds. Types of Motivation had kept on changing with McDonald. They had initially used the traditional motivation, which is one of the kinds of motivation. McDonald had used traditional motivation while the company was in the stage of resource seeking and market seeking. The first international expansion came in the year 1967 when it opened up its store in Canada. The expansion occurred when McDonald has successfully crossed the resource seeking stage after 27 years of its establishment. After 27 years of the establishment, the company had felt the necessity to look for the market seeking strategy and therefore, it started its operations in Canada (Hutchinson, Singh and Walker 2012). The company had also used emerging motivation through competitive positioning and global scanning. The company had shown their extensive focus on the emerging markets, which is why it had used the competitive positioning and global scanning strategy to capture the target market. McDonald is very less active wit h the competitive positioning strategy as they are almost the same across the globe. However, minimal level of differentiation can still be found in the company. For example, McRice in Indonesia is a food that suits the food culture of the people living in Indonesia (Budiman 2012). McBeers are sold in Europe and Asia to satisfy the cultural beliefs of people living in those regions (King et al. 2012). Global scanning is the other strategy that McDonald has used to expand into the international market. McDonald has been sequential in approaching to the various international centers. Global scanning has actually helped the company expand to the various international markets at a very appropriate time. For example, McDonald started its expansion in the year 1967 in the closest markets. Later on, it moved to more distinct nations. The maximum expansion happened in the period of 1990s when there was political, technical and economic changes on a global scale. However, the expansion proce ss slowed down after 2000 due to international economic downturn and due to some internal issues (Badal 2017). Prequisition or prior to expanding into the global market, McDonald use to adopt a specific strategy such as providing location specific advantages. It is specific to McDonald that they provide location specific advantage to customers to grab their attention. For example, they have not used beef in preparing their food just to encourage the beliefs of a large group living in the country. Another example is of targeting both the lower and the middle income group as their population is very high in the country. In doing so, the company has actually targeted a mass population (Gerhardt, Hazen and Lewis 2014). Another example is of differentiation in their foods, which they bring to satisfy the requirements of diverse customers across the globe. One of such examples is that they offered McRice to the Indonesian people (Zhang and Zhou 2012). The process of expansion had started in the year 1967. The company had first entered into Canada. By doing so, it actually followed the Uppsala model, which guides for a sequential expansion into the global market. McDonald is one of few such companies that have set trends for some useful strategies such as Franchising. The concept was very new to the fast food industry when McDonald took the full advantage of it and expanded into the United States. The company had used three methods to operate locally and expand to international markets. Those three methods are franchising, joint ventures and wholly owned outlets. The first franchising operation had started in the year 1953 with Arches Logo in Phoenix, USA. However, it has also used wholly owned outlet strategy depending on the external environment in the target market. They have adopted this technology in Mexico and the United Kingdom (Steenkamp 2014). The company has planned to refranchise approximately 4,000 restaurants. This wil l take their worldwide franchised percentage to around 93% (Forbes.com 2017). According to the Uppsala model, McDonald has constructed its international expansion in both the sequential and strategic mode. It first entered into Canada as it is very much close to the United States in terms of culture. Later on it moved to a little distinct society such as the European countries. At the very end, they moved to an entirely distinguish society such as the Middle East and the Asian countries (Sameer 2012). McDonald has used two strategies to expand into the international markets. Franchising and Wholly Owned Outlet are the two dominion concepts that the company had used. The dominion of these two factors encourages a fact that McDonald feels less secured with the Joint Venturing. However, it has still opted for joint venturing as it did in India and China (Zhang and Zhou 2012). Franchising has always remained a dominating strategy for McDonald; however, they have used a Wholly Owned concept in some parts of world such as Mexico and the UK. This has happened because the respective governments did allow franchising option (Abdelgawwad 2012). The dominion ride of McDonald has been challenged immensely by various local and international fast-food brands. The dominion has been challenged by many such as Starbucks, Subway, KFC and Burger King. The utmost competition from the rival companies and the changing perceptions of millennial customers has both contributed to a negative progression of the McDonalds business (Shen and Xiao 2014). The circumstances are very hard to displace; however, an alternative option can be taken to remain solid in the ever rising competition. It is recommended that the company should stick to what has helped it become the leading fast-food brand at the global platform. The setbacks have probably come from ample of changes in the menu that has been offered to the customers. It can be concluded that it is full of opportunity if a company wish to expand into the international market. On the other hand, the various international markets are also full of challenges. The fact has been clearly understood from the journey of McDonald Company. It is therefore advised to take cautious move and trusting the self-potential elements to remain competitive and selling in the market. References Abdelgawwad, M.A.A., 2012.Quality management: success and failure factors for new global product development in global quick service restaurants: a case study of McDonald's Egypt(Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff Metropolitan University). Badal, P.A., 2017. McDonalds Corporation-2015 (MCD). Budiman, A., Chhor, H., Razdan, R. and Sohoni, A., 2012. The new Indonesia consumer. Forbes.com. 2017.Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2017/06/09/why-investors-should-not-worry-about-mcdonalds-declining-revenues/#4aa2cd483144 [Accessed 6 Nov. 2017]. Gerhardt, S., Hazen, S. and Lewis, S., 2014. Small Business Marketing Strategy Based on McDonald's.ASBBS Proceedings,21(1), p.271. Hak, A. and Gr?bosz, M., 2016. International expansion based on Uppsala modelcases of McDonalds and Sfinks Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarz?dzanie/Politechnika ?dzka, (63, nr 1207), pp.45-57. Hutchinson, D., Singh, J. and Walker, K., 2012. An assessment of the early stages of a sustainable business model in the Canadian fast food industry.European Business Review,24(6), pp.519-531. King, G., Mattos, J.C.S., Mulder, N. and Rosales, V., 2012.The changing nature of Asian-Latin American economic relations. ECLAC. Pan, F., He, Z., Sigler, T., Martinus, K. and Derudder, B., 2017. How Chinese financial centers integrate into global financial center networks: an empirical study based on overseas expansion of Chinese financial service firms.Chinese Geographical Science, pp.1-14. Rowley, B. and McMurtrey, M.E., 2016. McDonald's and the Triple Bottom Line: A Case Study of Corporate Sustainability.Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability,11(1), p.33. Sameer, S.K., 2012. Strategy and Repositioning the Brand McDonalds in India.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,2(9), pp.1-5. Steenkamp, J.B., 2014. How global brands create firm value: the 4V model.International Marketing Review,31(1), pp.5-29. Zhang, Q. and Zhou, L., 2012. Cultural adaptation pattern analysis of McDonald's and KFC in the Chinese market.

The Fabulous Button Sisters free essay sample

Michelle was living with her aunt, because her mom was trying to make a breakthrough in Hollywood as a celebrity, and couldn’t have Michelle with her, because she was very young when she had Michelle and she would lose her status if she had hers kid with her. When Karen’s former best friend came back from her sick leave Michelle had made Karen her best friend-. Karen still wanted to be friend with Connie, but not in the same way as before- At the same time Micelles was making a booking to every party at the club and helped Karen to get style. They turned in to be the â€Å"Fabulous Button Sisters†. Later Michelle had decided that they were going to dress up as buttons. Karen in brown and Michelle in white- Michelle said to Karen that all they had to do were to go to America were Micelles mom was living. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fabulous Button Sisters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Karen’s parents were getting worried because of the influence Michelle had on her. She seemed fading away said the parents. Michelle kept controlling Karen. The next step was a diet to get a good shape, which was an idea from one of her aunt’s magazines. Now it was time for the 2 girls to show the city the â€Å"Fabulous button Sisters†. Michelle called Karen’s home and said that he was by the corner in ten minutes, but when Karen came to the corner, she could see that Michelle didn’t have the clothes on which they have agreed on. The first Michelle said was that her mom wanted her to join her. Karen didn’t answer at once because she was confused about Micelles outbreak; she thought that she was going with her to the American. But Michelle had forgotten about their arrangement. So things turned to be the ordinary. Michelle kept sending letters to Karen. Karen saw that the letters from Micelle? mother wasn’t from Hollywood, but Birmingham and the letters Michelle wrote now were also from Birmingham, but one thing she learns from here, was to take ownership of something. Characterization of Karen. Its about Karen she is the main character in this story. She is an ordinary girl, there is down to earth but not so confident with herself when Michelle turned up in hers life she gets controlled a nd manipulate, because Karen get blinded of all the things that Michelle told here. Karen change her behavior after she gets friend with Michelle, so Michelle can be proud of here. In the end of the text Karen realizes how mean Michelle had been to her, and how she didn’t care for Karen with all the lies and the letters there was sent from Birmingham not Hollywood, but Karen misses the control it’s like a part of her Is missing. Michelle’s behavior She is not a very nice girl she take control over Karen instantly and lies about her life, it could be that she have a lot issues to handle and she reflects her unhappiness to order. What is friendship? For me friendship is many things, you have good friends and some that just are friends but not so close. In general friendship is an important thing in our life’s, it is necessary to have another person that you are comfort with and can trust, but it’s have to go both ways to have a healthy friendship. In the text with Karen and Michelle we can see a unhealthy friendship, because there is no truth and manipulation, which tells us that Karen was honest to the friendship, but Michelle was looking for someone there could make her feel better. So you can might say that equal persons with nearly the same values in life matches the best.

Prufrock in Progress Essay Example

Prufrock in Progress Essay Example Prufrock in Progress Essay Prufrock in Progress Essay 126). Videnov also analyzes the internal and external influences on J. Alfred Prufrock’s psyche. The internal conflict that J. Alfred Prufrock exhibits throughout his love song is evident in his lack of self-confidence that leads to a feeling of disconnection with the human population. On one hand, Prufrock expresses the desire to cultivate a relationship with the external world, or a lover; yet on the other hand, he lets his insecurities define him and refuses to let himself engage in relationships with other people. Videnov explains this by describing Prufrock’s quest, â€Å"a quest for belonging, the examination of which could yield the message of the poem and the ultimately optimistic idea of love, as the title suggests, lurking behind the apparently tragic finale,† (Videnov, Valentin A. , 126). This statement establishes the irony in the desire to fulfill a journey of love, yet the inevitable misery Prufrock lives. The psychoanalytical dynamic of the ego and the true self is brought through in Prufrock’s character. T. S. Eliot repeatedly uses the pronouns, â€Å"you and I,† to describe this relationship of the ego and true self that Prufrock experiences. In the interpretation of Human Voices in Silent Seas: A Reading on Eliot’s Love Song, Videnov declares that these two entities are both representative of J. Alfred Prufrock himself. â€Å"You† represents the public face of Alfred J. Prufrock, the ego; and â€Å"I† represents the true self, the self that wants to be expressed but is prevented by Prufrock’s fear and insecurity. The opposing characters within Prufrock are further extended through the symbols of afternoon and evening. The imagery of afternoon is a representation of the light, the desire to express, and the need for connection. The evening represents a darkness, or comfort in the habitual pattern of the introverted mind and it’s self-destructive thoughts. Prufrock expresses his mental state when he says, ‘the evening sleeps so peacefully. † (Gwynn 624) In saying this, Prufrock is confirming within himself his comfort in the thought pattern of darkness. This leads him to question, â€Å"Would it have been worthwhile? † (Gwynn 625), referring to the desired human connection he wants deep down. He truly believes that expression of the self and what he, as an individual has to say and share, are not going to be acc epted by others. Because of his fear of expression, the singer sings a song of love, but predominately and more ironically, a song of sadness. He has continued his pattern of introversion to such an extreme that he suffers from continual loneliness and disassociation. He proves this dissociation when he ends the poem with an insight of his fantasy world of mermaids where he retreats, when he is lonely. He looks upon the beautiful creatures in awe of their unifying world; yet won’t even allow himself to be happy in his fantasy. He states this saying, â€Å"I do not think that they will sing to me,† (Gwynn 625). This prevents him from dreaming himself to a healthy and loving relationship with himself, or anyone else. The lines â€Å"let us go† (Gwynn 622) used repeatedly are incredibly significant in this poem. Us† being the internal representation of the two conflicting sides that exist within Prufrock, as he yearns for release of this horrible cycle. What J. Alfred Prufrock does not understand is that every individual goes through this experience of questioning self worth. The underlying ironic theme of this poem is the relation of the reader to Prufrock himself. This is a cry of the main character to emerge from the inn er seclusion that he feels – a bonding of the afternoon and evening, the light and dark, inner and outer; a battle for the merging of duality to become a union. In â€Å"an overwhelming question† in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by Xue, the main question that J. Alfred Prufrock is consistently in conflict with is whether or not to reveal his true self. Prufrock’s dueling character is established through the language of the poem. The internal conflict of Prufrock is addressed through repetitive language. â€Å"Prufrock is trying to express some deeper philosophical insight or disillusionment with society, but fears rejection. † (Xue 79). This fear causes his misery. Prufrock’s character is dominated by his uncertainty. The repetition of the lines, â€Å"there will be time,† (Gwynn 622) pose irony in the poem. Prufrock is hopeful that he will be able to truly open up to the world in time, yet currently; he is perpetuating his cycle of loneliness by assuming that these desires will naturally unfold without regarded effort. Xue states this in saying, â€Å"The phrase ‘There will be time,’ repeated five times between lines 23 and 36, represents his hesitation and delay, in order to conceal his inner anxiety to the world,† (Xue 80). Essentially, Prufrock is only happy when he is alone with his thoughts because there are no external influences to judge him, yet this is also his cause of misery. Irony is also addressed in the â€Å"you and I† (Gwynn 621) characterization of Prufrock. Xue states the psychoanalytical interpretation of these pronouns, â€Å"In the poem, Prufrock is divided in two selves. One is persuading Prufrock to ask the ‘overwhelming question’, while the other is trying to prevent it,† (Xue 82). Prufrock’s soul really desires is the opposite of what it endures. At the root of his inability to express is his insecurity. Prufrock asks, â€Å"Do I dare Disturb the Universe? † (Gywnn 623) which is direct evidence that Prufrock has serious lack of self-confidence. J. Alfred directly articulates his anxiety about interaction by describing his unappealing physical attributes. He quivers in the thought, â€Å"With a bald spot in the middle of my hair- ‘They will say: ‘How his hair is growing thin! ’† (Gwynn 623). This statement is directly in connection with Prufrock’s physical insecurity, as well as his emotional insecurity because of his self-image. He uses this as an excuse for his anti-social behavior. He manifests this negative expression of self by bolding stating that if he were to share with another he would, â€Å"Die with a dying fall,† (Gywnn 623). This self-conscious attitude and fear of being mocked for this truth is the entire reason for J. Alfred Prufrock’s cyclical misery. He does not love himself; therefore, he cannot find or receive or the love of another. If he never learns to share his truth, he will never understand the beauty of human connection. The reality of how much Prufrock shares about himself is shown in the line, â€Å"To prepare to meet the faces that you meet; to murder to create,† (Gwynn 622). The real self or â€Å"I†, as Videnov described in Human Voices in Silent Seas, is lost or â€Å"murdered† in society to â€Å"create† a false self or alter ego that functions in society. Another line stating this ego-oriented society and repeating the symbol of darkness reads, â€Å"the evening spread out against the sky,† (Gwynn 622) which refers to the apparent darkness of all humans all hidden under the masks of ego. Yet, if J. Alfred Prufrock understands this is a battle of every individual, he would be able to relate. In conclusion, it is J. Alfred Prufrock’s choice to live in misery. If he were open to see himself as a mirror image of others he would realize that every individual has insecurities of their own. Therefore, I agree with scholars Videnov and Xue in the psychoanalytical approach to J. Alfred Prufrock battling with his own ego versus the exploration and expression of his true self. If he deemed himself worthy of external expression then he would finally be able to share in love with himself and in turn, the rest of humanity. Gwynn, R. S. Literature: A Pocket Anthology. 5th. New York: Pearson Education, Inc. , 2012. 21-625. Print. Videnov, Valentin A. Human Voices In Silent Seas: A Reading Of Eliots Love Song. Explicator 67. 2 (2009): 126-130. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. Sistani, Roohollah Reesi. Internal Anxieties And Conflicts In The LOVE SONG Of J. ALFRED PRUFROCK. European Journal Of Social Science 17. 4 (2010): 478-489. Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. Xue, Haiqin. On An Overwhelming Question' In The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock. Canadian Social Science 5. 2 (2009): 79-82. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2012.

How to Write and Structure a Persuasive Speech

How to Write and Structure a Persuasive Speech The purpose of a persuasive speech is to convince your audience to agree with an idea or opinion that you present. First, youll need to choose a side on a controversial topic, then you will write a speech to explain your position, and convince the audience to agree with you. You can produce an effective persuasive speech if you structure your argument as a solution to a problem. Your first job as a speaker is to convince your audience that a particular problem is important to them, and then you must convince them that you have the solution to make things better. Note: You dont have to address a real problem. Any need can work as the problem. For example, you could consider the lack of a pet, the need to wash ones hands, or the need to pick a particular sport to play as the problem. As an example, lets imagine that you have chosen Getting Up Early as your persuasion topic. Your goal will be to persuade classmates to get themselves out of bed an hour earlier every morning. In this instance, the problem could be summed up as morning chaos. A standard speech format has an introduction with a great hook statement, three main points, and a summary. Your persuasive speech will be a tailored version of this format. Before you write the text of your speech, you should sketch an outline that includes your hook statement and three main points. Writing the Text The introduction of your speech must be compelling because your audience will make up their minds within a few minutes whether or not they are interested in your topic. Before you write the full body you should come up with a greeting. Your greeting can be as simple as Good morning everyone. My name is Frank. After your greeting, you will offer a hook to capture attention. A hook sentence for the morning chaos speech could be a question: How many times have you been late for school?Does your day begin with shouts and arguments?Have you ever missed the bus? Or your hook could be a statistic or surprising statement: More than 50 percent of high school students skip breakfast because they just dont have time to eat.Tardy kids drop out of school more often than punctual kids. Once you have the attention of your audience, follow through to define the topic/problem and introduce your solution. Heres an example of what you might have so far: Good afternoon, class. Some of you know me, but some of you may not. My name is Frank Godfrey, and I have a question for you. Does your day begin with shouts and arguments? Do you go to school in a bad mood because youve been yelled at, or because you argued with your parent? The chaos you experience in the morning can bring you down and affect your performance at school. Add the solution: You can improve your mood and your school performance by adding more time to your morning schedule. You can accomplish this by setting your alarm clock to go off one hour earlier. Your next task will be to write the body, which will contain the three main points youve come up with to argue your position. Each point will be followed by supporting evidence or anecdotes, and each body paragraph will need to end with a transition statement that leads to the next segment. Here is a sample of three main statements: Bad moods caused by morning chaos will affect your workday performance.If you skip breakfast to buy time, youre making a harmful health decision.(Ending on a cheerful note) Youll enjoy a boost to your self-esteem when you reduce the morning chaos. After you write three body paragraphs with strong transition statements that make your speech flow, you are ready to work on your summary. Your summary will re-emphasize your argument and restate your points in slightly different language. This can be a little tricky. You dont want to sound repetitive but will need to repeat what you have said. Find a way to reword the same main points. Finally, you must make sure to write a clear final sentence or passage to keep yourself from stammering at the end or fading off in an awkward moment. A few examples of graceful exits: We all like to sleep. Its hard to get up some mornings, but rest assured that the reward is well worth the effort.If you follow these guidelines and make the effort to get up a little bit earlier every day, youll reap rewards in your home life and on your report card. Tips for Writing Your Speech Dont be confrontational in your argument. You dont need to put down the other side; just convince your audience that your position is correct by using positive assertions.Use simple statistics. Dont overwhelm your audience with confusing numbers.Dont complicate your speech by going outside the standard three points format. While it might seem simplistic, it is a tried and true method for presenting to an audience who is listening as opposed to reading.

Key Characteristics of Feminist Criminology Term Paper

Key Characteristics of Feminist Criminology - Term Paper Example Infanticide has historically been considered a sex-specific crime, or one that "actually excludes the members of one sex by legal definition." Carol Smart points out in her descriptions of the English legal system that infanticide is the one exception to equally applicable British law since it is an offense committable only by women. Some attribute this offense to the occasion when an unmarried mother must rid herself of a shameful secret through suffocation, strangulation, and the infliction of wounds or fractures to the skull as the most frequent forms of infanticide. (Coramae Richey) It is difficult for a woman to use physical strength in an assault, so she is forced to use a knife or a household product. The practice of throwing scarring solutions such as lye, gasoline, and acids is still a common practice used by women to equalize their lack of assaultive strength. Many violent women offenders wait until their male victims are asleep to perpetuate their assaults, which, in some cases, become homicides. (Coramae Richey) Very little is known about family violence, but recent examinations of the problem have revealed some startling cases of women who abuse their children, husband, and parents. The actual extent of family violence is generally unknown. The younger child is most often the victim, and while mothers are more likely (68 percent) than fathers (58 percent) to commit child abuse, both parents are equally capable of serious violence against their children. The thought of the 'little woman' beating up or battering her husband is cause for many deep guffaws, especially from men. Yet this form of spouse abuse is now believed to be more commonplace than previously imagined.  

Project Evaluation Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Evaluation - Math Problem Example The other option that Salsbury has is to open a health and fitness complex and it has a NPV of ?700,000. Furthermore, the report justifies the technique that has been used in order to evaluate the project by comparing it with other project evaluation techniques such as Accounting Rate of Return and Profitability Index. Moreover, the report then discusses other factors that the organization needs to consider while making the investment decision. ANALYSING THE FEASIBILITY OF THE PROJECT Net present value (NPV) is the technique that has been used to analyze the feasibility of the project. NPV shows the net future cash flows of the project after being discounted with the discount rate so that the present value or present worth of the cash flows can be calculated (McLaney, 2009). In the appendix 1 of the report, the forecasted cash flows for the 10 years are calculated and net present value of these cash flows are calculated with the discount rate of 14%. ... is higher than health and fitness complex, therefore the management should invest in opening a retail store than the health and fitness complex as it has higher NPV and projects with higher NPV should be accepted (Jensen, 2001). JUSTIFICATION ABOUT THE METHOD USED TO EVALUATE THE PROJECT The management has used Net Present Value method to evaluate whether the project is feasible or not. Although there are different project appraisal techniques such as Accenting Rate of Return (ARR), Payback Period, Profitability Index, Benefit to Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return and discounted payback period etc. However, the report discusses two of these techniques; ARR ad Profitability Index and compares these two techniques with NPV and justifies why NPV is a good method used to evaluate the feasibility of the project. NPV and Accounting Rate of Return Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) is the average return that the project would yield throughout its time period (Gitman, 2003). It can be ca lculated using the formula below: By using the above formula, ARR of the project is 27.24% It is better to use NPV than Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) as the NPV discounts the future cash flows whereas the ARR does not consider the time value of money. Therefore it is better for the management to use NPV as it will show the real value or worth of the project by considering the discount rate and even inflation rate but these rates are not considered by using the ARR. NPV and Profitability Index The other method that has been used to evaluate the feasibility of the project is the profitability index. Profitability index is calculated by following formula: The formula shows that profitability index considers the time value of money which accounting rate of return does not. Therefore it

Resourcing talent Essay Example for Free

Resourcing talent Essay The aims and objectives of this report are to: identify factors affecting an organization’s approach to attracting talent explain the benefits of attracting and retaining a diverse workforce describe factors affecting organizational approach to recruitment and selection give examples of recruitment and selection methods explain the purpose of induction and give a sample induction plan 2. ATRACTING TALENT 2. 1. 4 FACTORS THAT AFFECT AN ORGANISATION’S APPROACH TO ATTRACTING TALENT An organisation’s ability to attract talent from outside depends on how potential applicants view the company, the sector in which it operates and its culture. This is why BRAND IDENTITY seems to be one of the most important factors influencing an organisation’s approach to attracting talent. The top-notch candidates will always ask ‘what’s in this for me’? ‘Unless a business is a brand new start-up, they’re likely to have an existing reputation as an employer – whether this is intentional or not. Given that potential new employees make decisions about joining based on this impression, it pays to define a strategy to make sure the right (and real) messages are being heard. ’ (http://www. pageexecutive. com/insights/talent-attraction-through-employer-branding). WORKFORCE PLANNING which is company likely needs for talent is another very important factor. An organisation’s approach to attracting talent is determined by its workforce planning (WFP). This means: predicting organisation workforce requirements by taking into account: existing skills, training and development, retention, career progression, staff turnover, external factors like: economic climate, demographics, working patterns, and most importantly the demand and supply in labour market. Organisations need to have strategic approach to attracting talent and need to understand the importance of investment in human capital. Talent strategy must be as close to corporate strategy as possible. SIZE OF ORGANIZATION – A small organization cannot have same staffing practices which a large organization may have; it may not be able to attract highly talented staff. Even if it tries to do so it may increase the staffing cost. TYPE OF TALENT THE ORGANISATION IS LOOKING FOR is a very important factor in organisation’s approach to attracting potential employees. For example the level of staff required will determine the recruitment pool, low level team members will be easy to find locally whilst to find a senior manager or a director a company may have to resource internationally. Other factors influencing a company’s talent management are: type of product/services the company is delivering, recruitment tools/methods available, the labour market, national as well as international, legal factors, socio-culture factors or political influences. 2. 2. CIPD POINT OF VIEW ON TALENT MANAGEMENT HR professionals have a very important role in talent management. They have to understand the 4 areas of talent management which are: attracting, developing, managing and evaluating talent. In the current uncertain economic climate strategic approach to talent management is even more important than ever before. 3. A DIVERSE WORKFORCE 3. 1. 3 ORGANISATION BENEFITS OF ATRACTING AND RETAINING A DIVERSE WORKFORCE Diversity is the art of thinking independently together’ Publisher Malcolm Forbes People need to be treated differently in ways that are fair and tailored to their needs but in ways that are aligned to business needs and objectives (The business case for diversity). There are many advantages of a diverse workforce: WIDENS THE RECRUITMENT POOL ACAS points out that the working generation is getting older therefore people from different cultural ; ethnic backgrounds are entering the workforce. REDUCES LABOUR TURNOVER – looking at the UK labour market in the last 10 years, foreign workers are more motivated to work for lower salaries than people living permanently in the UK. They tend to stay in a job for long mainly due to their financial commitment to families living abroad. GIVES GOOD CORPORATE REPUTATION and this helps to attract talent. Organizations with high level of diverse workforce are valued by many people e. g. large supermarkets by having a diverse workforce on the shop floor help international customers to communicate with staff in their own languages. Other benefits of a diverse workforce include: it’s a key to fostering new ways of thinking, opens up a wealth of possibilities and helps to encourage creativity and foster innovation, gives bias-free people policies and working practices, helps to develop new products and practices, opens up new markets and provides due diligence against discrimination claims. 3. 2. CIPD POINT OF VIEW ON DIVERSE WORKFORCE Recognizing and valuing diversity is crucial to good people management practice. HR practitioners have important role in creating inclusive workplace. CIPD advises to companies to go beyond legal compliance with anti-discrimination laws and create diversity strategy or they will become less attractive to potential employees. Company diversity strategy needs to support business objectives and strategies. 4. RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION 4. 1. 3 FACTORS THAT AFFECT AN ORGANISATION’S APPROACH TO RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION Recruitment and selection is the process of having the right person, in the right place, at the right time. It should be affected by current needs as well as future plans (see workforce planning, page 3). One of the factors that can affect an organization’s approach to recruitment and selection is the EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES LEGISLATION. Companies should ensure that they take account of equality and diversity at all times. Organizations should monitor whole recruitment processes continuously to ensure their validity, and that they are non-discriminatory. Advice and guidance is provided by Equality and Human Rights Commission, for example wider advertising, flexible working hours arrangements or child care vouchers for employees. THE SIZE OF THE COMPANY AND RESOURCES AVAILABLE – small companies will have to use different recruitment and selection methods that the larger ones. The infrastructure and finance will determine if it’s a newspaper advert or TV campaign, for example: ‘Join the Army’ Campaign being used to recruit candidates. Also a small organisation will not be able to use assessment centres or psychometric testing due to low budget available. SUPPLY AND DEMAND The availability of manpower both within and outside the organization is an important determinant in the recruitment process. If the company has a demand for more professionals and there is limited supply in the market for the professionals demanded by the company, then the company will have to depend upon internal sources by providing them special training and development programs. Other factors include: costs, recruitment policy or unemployment rate. 4. 2. 3 DIFFERENT RECRUITMENT METHODS There are many recruitment methods available on the market including: advertising, agency, website, word of mouth, newspaper, posters, ‘milk round’, internships, head hunters, recommend a friend scheme, social media: Facebook, LinkedIn, job centre, etc. For the purpose of this exercise I will describe 3 methods in a table below: RECRUITMENT METHOD BENEFITS OTHER COMMENTS Advertising on the website Cost effective Creates employer’s branding Easily accessible Gives understanding of organization’s culture Broad recruitment pool HR managers are actively involved in recruitment and selection Recruitment agency Time effective Efficient Broadens the recruitment pool High standard UK eligibility and CRB checks done Is used to hire management level employees, mainly by larger organizations Recommend a friend scheme It’s less expensive than agency It comes with a recommendation of someone we already trust Used to employ all levels staff from waiters and chefs to senior management There is a risk of discrimination claim Source: Aleksandra Wozniak 2013 4. 3. 3 SELECTION METHODS There are many selection methods, including: assessment centres, speed networking, psychometric testing, daily trail – role practice, competency based interviews, telephone interviews/screening, group interviews/exercises or occupational tests. For the purpose of this exercise I will describe 3 methods in a table below: SELECTION METHOD BENEFITS OTHER COMMENTS Assessment centre Creates employer’s branding Time effective It’s expensive Doesn’t give understanding of organizational culture Face to face interview Time effective Efficient Cost effective Availability to see candidates’ attitude Opportunity for probing Needs good preparation Should be done by a trained and experienced interviewer Psychometric tests Gives highly predictive results Improves the efficiency of the recruitment process There is a risk of standardisation Source: Aleksandra Wozniak 2013 5. INDUCTION Induction is the process of familiarisation with the organisation and settling into the job (acas. org. uk). 5. 1. PURPOSE OF INDUCTION 1. Social welcome – employees feeling valued 2. Introduction to the Company’s culture 3. Physical orientation 4. Explanation of employee’s benefits: staff discount and pension scheme. 5. Check of eligibility to work in UK 6. Explanation of house rules – staff uniforms, reporting absences, etc. 5. 2. HOW DOES INDUCTION BENEFIT INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANISATIONS Most labour turnover is among new employees, and work efficiency is reached only after a period of learning and adjusting to the new environment. Induction benefits for individuals are: Builds positive attitude of the company Allows quick adjusting, especially for school leavers or people returning to the workforce Saves time The benefits of induction for an employer are: The chance to build on the positive attitude of the new recruit To answer their anxieties about how well they will get on with their co-workers and understand the standards and rules of the organisation Chance to welcome new employees and build on their positive attitude and enthusiasm for their new job An opportunity to familiarise new members of staff with your organisation To introduce them to their immediate colleagues and other members of the wider workforce Health and safety, equality and discrimination Case study illustrating the result of the lack of an induction process: A new employee starts on a Monday, reports to reception and no one knows he is due to start work on that day. He is sent to room 302 where 3 very surprised team members welcome him in a cold way. It transpires that the desk and computer are not ready and he has to share a desk with one of his colleagues. The new starter feels very lost and disappointed. He doesn’t know who to ask for help and find out only after going back home and visiting the web site. He contacts HR but the situation isn’t resolved until the following week. He doesn’t think positively about his new company and starts regretting quitting his last job. 5. 3. INDUCTION PLAN A copy of an induction plan should be kept by new starter to enable him to follow what is happening and will act as a reminder of anything missed or that needs particular attention. POSITION: EMPLOYEE START DATE: NAME: INDUCTION COMPLETION DATE: SIGNATURE: AREAS TO BE COVERED WHEN WHO HOW COMMENTS PERSONAL DOCUMENTATION/ ELIGIBILITY TO WORK IN UK CHECKED First day HR Take copies P45 First day HR Take copies NIN First day HR Take copies INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPANY First week Line manager Presentation Who’s who History Products/services/markets Future plans and developments TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT First day HR Written Written terms and conditions issued Contract of employment issued Hours, breaks, method of payment Holidays Clocking on/flexitime/reporting procedures Probationary period Period of notice Sickness provisions Pension provisions Maternity/paternity/parental leave provisions AREAS TO BE COVERED WHEN WHO HOW COMMENTS EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES POLICY AND WORKER DEVELOPMENT First week HR Verbal/Written Equal opportunities policy Training needs and objectives Further education/training policies Performance appraisal Promotion avenues Policy/procedures to prevent bullying and harassment WORKER/EMPLOYER RELATIONS First week Line manager Verbal Trade union membership Other worker representation Worker communications and consultation Grievance and disciplinary procedure Appeals procedure ORGANISATION RULES First week Mentor/Buddy Verbal/Coffee chat Smoking policy General behaviour/dress code Telephone calls/emails and use of the internet Canteen/break facilities Cloakroom/toilets/lockers HEALTH AND SAFETY First week Safety officer E learning Risk assessment Emergency procedures AREAS TO BE COVERED WHEN WHO HOW COMMENTS Awareness of hazards – any particular to type of work Safety rules Emergency procedures Clear gangways, exits Location of exits Reporting of accidents First aid Personal hygiene WELFARE AND WORKER BENEFITS/FACILITIES First month Section supervisor Coffee chat Sports facilities Protective clothing – supply, laundry, replacement Transport/parking arrangements Company discounts THE JOB First week Mentor/Buddy Coffee chat Introduction to manager/supervisor Requirements of new job Standards expected Co-workers Supervision and work performance appraisals Source: Induction, Appendix 3, acas. org. uk with small changes by Aleksandra Wozniak 2013 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Uses of Petroleum :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Petroleum products are used widely in our everyday lives. They are used to power automobiles produce containers and to keep us warm. Petroleum, or crude oil is liquid composed of various organic chemicals. It is found in large quantities below the surface of Earth and is used as a fuel and as a raw material in the chemical industry. The word petroleum comes from the two Latin words â€Å"petro† and â€Å"leum† â€Å"petro† meaning rock and â€Å"leum† meaning oil. The chemical composition of all petroleum is principally hydrocarbons which are a family of organic compounds, composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen. Petroleum is formed under Earth’s surface by the decomposition of organisms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The remains of tiny organisms that live in the sea are trapped with the sands and silts that settle to the bottom in sea basins. These deposits become the source rocks for the generation of crude oil. The process began many millions of years ago with the development of abundant life, and it continues to this day. The sediments grow thicker and sink into the seafloor under their own weight. As additional deposits pile up, the pressure on the ones below increases several thousand times, and the temperature rises by several hundred degrees. The mud and sand harden into shale and sandstone and the remains of the dead organisms are transformed into crude oil and natural gas. Surface deposits of crude oil have been known to humans for thousands of years. In the areas where they occurred, they were long used for limited purposes, such as caulking boats, waterproofing cloth, and fueling torches. By the time the Renaissance began in the 14th century, some surface deposits were being distilled to obtain lubricants and medicinal products, but the real exploitation of crude oil did not begin until the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution had by then brought about a search for new fuels, and the social changes it effected had produced a need for good, cheap oil for lamps; people wished to be able to work and read after dark. Once petroleum forms, it flows upward in Earth’s crust because it has a lower density than the brines that saturate the interstices of the sands and carbonate rocks that constitute the crust of Earth. The crude oil and natural gas rise into the pores of the coarser sediments lying above. For several years people had known that wells drilled for water and salt were occasionally infiltrated by petroleum, so the concept of drilling for crude oil itself soon followed.

“Icarus” by Edward Field Essay

â€Å"Icarus† by Edward Field is about a young man named Icarus Hicks who experiences anguish while living in the human world, but attempts to fly again. The original Greek myth of Icarus states that Daedalus, father of Icarus, made wings out of feathers and wax to escape from the Labyrinth (a complex maze he built). After constructing the wings, Daedalus warned Icarus not to fly too close to the sun; however, Icarus disregarded his warning and flew close to the sun, melting the wax. Icarus plummeted into the water where he drowned to death. The poem, â€Å"Icarus† exhibits how Icarus did not actually drown but swam to a city where he began to live a human life. References to the myth include, â€Å"compelled by the sun† (line 14) and â€Å"thought himself a hero† (26). Icarus is depicted as remorseful of his actions and wishes he had drowned instead. â€Å"Icarus† includes a number of literary devices, such as alliteration. In line 1, Field writes â€Å"feathers floating† and in line 3, â€Å"police preferred.† In the third stanza, there is â€Å"curtains carefully† (line 22) and â€Å"hates himself† (line 25). Field also describes the setting, the human world, as dull and mundane for example in line 11 Icarus is wearing a â€Å"gray, respectable suit.† The tone in the poem is gloomy and dejected as represented in line 13 with â€Å"sad, defeated eyes.† Imagery is perceived in line 1 â€Å"feathers floating around the hat† and line 24-25, â€Å"tries to fly to the lighting fixture on the ceiling.† In the poem â€Å"Icarus† by Edward Field, the main protagonist, Icarus, is struggling to adjust to the human world and cannot let go of his past. The purpose of the poem was to allude to the Greek myth of Icarus and demonstrate how greed may lead to a lifetime of regret and sorrow. Field portrays Icarus’ grief through his daily life in the modern world.

Emergency Department Bottleneck Proposal

Emergency Department Bottleneck Proposal Middletown Hospital is a 200-bed, not-for-profit-general hospital that has an emergency department with 20 emergency beds. The emergency department handles on an average 100 patients per day. The hospital’s CEO has authorized the Six Sigma Team (SST) to address complaints received from patients seeking treatment between 6:00 p. m. and 10:00 p. m. The complaints are centered on waiting times and poor service. During this time the data indicates that approximately 70% of the department’s admissions occur (University of Phoenix, 2009, Course Syllabus). To address these complaints and improve performance of the emergency department the Six Sigma Team must understand process improvement proposals. The process must identify the reason of the bottleneck; identify the correct data collection method; the use of capacity planning; accurate analysis of the scheduling and controlling techniques; and identify a recommendation on staffing or alternative sources of care. Process Improvement Proposals A process improvement proposal is a mechanism to define the opportunities needed to reduce the number of steps, interactions, decision points, reports, and the length of the defined practice (Langabeer, 2008). Three key areas need to be addressed when improving a current practice. According to Langabeer (2008), these areas include increasing capacity, reducing the use of resources, and reducing the amount of variation (p. 79). For example, if the emergency department is currently seeing patients at a rate of four per hour during normal business hours, and this rate drops to one per hour during the period listed a bottleneck will result. To address this issue the department needs to provide the resources necessary to avoid the problem. However, when the reason for the bottleneck is known the correction must include steps to preserve resources. These steps must address reducing the cost per patient, removing excessive steps, and exposures that are unnecessary. Because the data shows the bottleneck occurring after normal business hours the third key area is equally important for successful performance. This area involves the development of control tools. These tools will assist the department when variation occurs, these tools can include the development of contingency plans to use other hospital resources available after normal business hours; for example the use of clinical examination rooms for patient overflow. Process of Improvement Method Edward Deming introduces a method known as the Deming Cycle to identify bottlenecks within organizational structures. The Deming Cycle comprised of a continuous process cycle that involve planning, implementation, assessment and decision-making. Deming postulated that â€Å"business processes should be analyzed and measured to identify sources of variations that cause products to deviate from customer requirement† (Arveson, 1998, para 1). Each step gives operation managers the feedback needed to determine if they are meeting current objectives. Arveson also suggest that this checklist will help reduce bottlenecks from happening while increasing productivity within every department. Comparing the Middleton Hospital use of Six Sigma methodology to Deming Cycle both methods can help reduce bottlenecks issues with waiting time that occurs during interval time of 6:00 p. . to 10:00 p. m. Six Sigma methodology uses phases of defining a problem and provide an alternative solution to the problem. The next phase includes measuring the solution’s outcomes, analyzing the outcomes’ goals and effectiveness, improving any flaws that was identified in the improvement process, and controlling any costs or activities to contain cost and resource deficiency (National Association of Health Care Quality, 2009). The Six Sigma system addresses each problem measuring a quantitative solution to be addressed by upper management and delivered to department heads for implementation. Appropriate Collection Methods Middletown Hospital needs to look at different ways of collecting data. Data collection can be subdivided into three categories with service type, department, and floor. This collection of data is valuable tool that managers need to have in order to understand the flow of business within each department. With the collection of data it will allow managers to calculate the volumes of patients during specific times. The SST will require data collected from all computers used to monitor access to the admission system. Additional data will have specific times at which the patient reported to various stations of treatment, and when the patient was discharged. A multivariate trend forecasting method will be more appropriate in this setting; the use of multiple variables about the item being forecasted allows seasons and cycles to be combined with other variables and improve forecast accuracy (Langabeer, 2008). This will give operation managers better forecasting abilities as they will be able to see trends. Finally, the SST will need to analyze the amount of resources or assets available to serve demand (Langabeer, 2008). Quantitative data needed to measure capacity will include: the number of available beds and treatment rooms, the number of key providers and other staff available at each point of care between 6:00 p. m. and 10:00 p. m. , and availability of key medical technologies and equipment. Examples of key medical equipment are diagnostic imaging, X-ray and laboratory equipment. Methods to Analyze The first step in analyzing the cause of Middletown Hospital’s emergency department bottleneck is to perform a capacity analysis that will help to identify appropriate assets and resources to serve the increased need within each emergency department. The analysis should capture statistical data in time series format that will show sequential data recorded during different time periods throughout the day. Data should be included from time periods when the emergency room is successful in handling demand as well as occurrences of the bottleneck. Creation of a control chart can also be useful in discovering areas of daily operations that are contributing to the current issue of meeting demand. Middletown Hospital is aware that they can not keep up with the demand placed upon each department with current needs. In knowing the limitations, data from the other 20 hours in which emergency department is in operation can be used to obtain values for a mean and average to be used to create a control limit. Taking data from the entire day can be used to obtain a standard deviation value as well. Data and observations that show a large deviation from the mean will alert the staff to areas that need to be updated or streamlined. The control data that is being recorded should be able to define staff ratios, numbers of patients seen, time of day, day of the week, equipment or technology malfunctions, ime of patient visit, reason, and duration. A control chart can help Middletown Hospital distinguish normal and abnormal processes within their patient delivery service. Bottlenecks Operation managers need to handle many different jobs at once. These jobs can be dealing with bottlenecks, and forecasting. Operation managers need to look at current flow of business to determine the proper amount of staffing needed to handle problems in the future. By working with an accurate forecast managers are able to see what is expected and when the flow of business will occur. When increasing staffing in any department the profitability will decrease at start, but soon will rebound as more patients realize they are receiving treatment at a faster pace. According to Langabeer (2008), one of the keys to increase throughput or capacity is to remove these obstacles or bottlenecks, which is called de-bottlenecking (p. 96). Increasing the number of staff on during peak times it will be easy to reduce the number of complaints and increase the profitability of every department. Being able to remove the barriers will allow managers to see the results within days instead of weeks. Within any department comes demand and being able to predict the demand allows managers to become better forecasters. According to Langabeer (2008), â€Å"forecasting is a collaborative process that estimates the volume of patients that will be served over a specific time period. More precisely, it is a projection of demand that will occur along three dimensions: service type, location, and time dimensions† (p. 97-98). Managers will have to better look at the forecasting they are doing in order to make sure they are using the most current data in order to predict flow and handle problems. Recommendation on Staffing Middletown hospital’s ability to move patients smoothly through the emergency department has become a conversation of complaint for patients. Due to the high volume of patients being seen during the hours of 6:00 p. m. and 10:00 p. m. changes need to be made to optimize waiting times and efficiently treat patients. The emergency department is averaging 100 patients per day which, means that 70 of them are coming through the emergency department between 6:00 p. m. and 9:00 p. m. According to Langabeer (2008), in health care, wait times are frequently a source of poor patient satisfaction and process inefficiency (p. 10). The hospital emergency department is currently plagued with a lack of staff scheduled at key times and needs to look at alternatives to better manage the movement of patients. Creating a solution for Middletown hospital means using multiple channel servers to reduce check in time and maximize on hand staff’s time management. Because a majority of the iss ues arise at a key time in the day the revision of the patient routing and flow is required. According to Hall (2006), therefore, by altering patient routing and flow, it may be possible to minimize patient waiting times and increase staff utilization (p. 221). Bottlenecks occur in a hospital emergency department because of the triage concept of putting most significant injuries first. This means many minor care issues will be pushed back. Combating this issue creating a fast track lane to handle minor care issues will decrease patient complaints and wait time. These concepts should reduce the wait time of patients within this three hour block and maximize their experience in the emergency department at Middletown hospital. Conclusion Bottleneck is often the result of an organization lacking the capacity to meet the needs of clients in delivering a particular service. Middletown hospital was given a recommendation to review its current organization capacity by examining their processes, resources, technology. Middletown hospital was able to define other available resources which could be used to assist with meeting their patient demand. Reference Arveson, P. (1998). The Deming Cycle. Retrieved November 27, 2009, from http://www. balancedscorecard. org/TheDemingCycle/tabid/112/Default. aspx Hall, R. (2006). Patient flow: reducing delay in healthcare delivery. Los Angeles, CA: Springer Science Business Media, LLC. Langabeer, J. (2008). Health care operations management: A quantitative approach to business and logistics [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Sudbury,MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from University of Phoenix, OPS/HC571 Health Care Operations Management Web site. National Association of Healthcare Quality. (2009). JHQ 174: Lean Six Sigma in health care. Retrieved November 27, 2009, from http://www. nahq. org/journal/ce/article. html? article_id=250 University of Phoenix. (2009). OPS/HC571 course syllabus. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from University of Phoenix OPS/HC571- Course Materials Web site.

How Evolution Explains Zebra Stripes

How Evolution Explains Zebra Stripes It turns out that zebras are not referees at the horse games as many children may think. In fact, the patterns of the black and white stripes on a zebra are an evolutionary adaptation that has benefits for the animals. Several different and  plausible hypotheses have been proposed for the reason behind the stripes ever since Charles Darwin first came on the scene. Even he puzzled over the significance of the stripes. Over the years, different scientists have suggested the stripes could either be to help camouflage the zebras or confuse predators. Other ideas were to lower body temperature, repel insects, or to help them socialize with one another. The Evolutionary Advantage of Stripes A study, done by Tim Caro and his team from the University of California, Davis, pitted all of these hypotheses against each other and studied the statistics and data gathered. Remarkably, the statistical analysis showed over and over again that the most likely explanation for the stripes was to keep flies from biting the zebras. Although the statistical research is sound, many scientists are careful about declaring that hypothesis the winner until more specific research can be done. So why would stripes be able to keep the flies from biting the zebras? The pattern of the stripes seems to be a deterrent to the flies possibly due to the make up of the flies eyes. Flies have a set of compound eyes, just like humans do, but the way they see out of them is much different. Most species of flies can detect motion, shapes, and even color. However, they do not use cones and rods in their eyes. Instead, they evolved small individual visual receptors called  ommatidia. Each compound eye of the fly has thousands of these ommatidia that create a very broad field of vision for the fly. Another difference between human and fly eyes is that our eyes are attached to muscles that can move our eyes. That allows us to be able to focus as we look around. A flys eye is stationary and cannot move. Instead, each ommatidium collects and processes information from different directions. This means the fly is seeing in several different directions at once and its brain is processing all of this information at the same time. The striped pattern of a zebras coat is a sort of optical illusion to the flys eye because of its inability to focus and see the pattern. It is hypothesized that the fly either misinterprets the stripes as different individuals, or it is a sort of depth perception issue where the flies simply just miss the zebra as they try to feast on it. With the new information from the team at the University of California, Davis, it may be possible for other researchers in the field to experiment and get more information about this very advantageous adaptation for zebras and why it works to keep the flies at bay. As stated above, however, many scientists in the field are hesitant to back this research. There are many other hypotheses as to why zebras have stripes, and there may be several contributing factors as to why zebras have stripes. Just like several human traits are controlled by multiple genes, zebra stripes may be the equivalent for the zebra species. There may just be more than one reason as to why the zebras evolved stripes and not having flies biting them may just be one of them (or a pleasant side effect of the real reason).

Get the Lead Out of Hunting

Get the Lead Out of Hunting The Lead Problem Throughout modern firearms’ evolution, lead has been the material of choice in the manufacture of ammunition. The high density of lead and its deformation characteristics give it desirable ballistic properties. For hunting purposes, lead is used to make the small, round shot packed in shotgun shells, and is the main component in the bullets used in rifles. What makes lead less than ideal, however, is that it is quite toxic. In 1991 in the United States (and in 1997 in Canada) lead shot was banned for waterfowl hunting. Up until that point, tons of lead shot had been raining on wetlands all over the continent each hunting season. As ducks were foraging for food in the sediments at the bottom of wetlands, they would ingest lead shot and many would eventually die of acute lead poisoning. Bird hunting upland, for example for pheasant, grouse, or quail, was not included in the 1991 ban. With upland hunting, the shot used does not become concentrated in discrete locations and it was not believed to be problematic to the degree waterfowl shot was. The same might have been believed for rifle bullets, which are to this day mostly made of lead. However, there are real environmental and health hazards associated with the use of lead for any type of hunting, and many hunters are changing their habits accordingly. How Lead Bullets Work In hunting rifles, the lead bullet is shot at high pressure into the target. At that point the collision with the flesh of the animal deforms the bullet, turning it into a wide, flat blob, killing the animal quickly if the shot is well placed. However, there is a key problem with lead bullets: when the bullet hits its target, it looses energy by deforming and breaking up, with dozens of small lead fragments ending up lodged in the entrails and the meat of the animal. These fragments can be as small as sand grains, and they are often found over a foot from the wound channel. Environmental Effects When a hunter guts a large mammal, the lungs, kidneys, digestive track, and other organs are left in the field, and with them tiny lead particles. These â€Å"gut piles† are fed upon by scavengers like foxes, coyotes, ravens, red-tailed hawks, eagles, and many other birds and mammals. The small lead bits are accidentally ingested as well. A very small lead fragment in an animal’s gut will be dissolved by the digestive juices, elevating blood lead levels to several parts per million, which is enough to kill a bird as large as a bald eagle. Anyone who has been in rural areas on opening day of a deer hunt can appreciate how many gut piles are left behind in the woods and imagine how many scavengers must have elevated lead levels in their blood.   Health Effects Traditionally, when big game hunters butcher their quarry they carve out the meat about two inches around the entry and exit wounds. When researchers used portable x-ray equipment to look at deer carcasses killed by rifle, they found very small lead fragments far away from the bullet wounds. These fragments then end up in the meat consumed by humans. Even packaged ground venison examined with x-ray technology showed a peppering of very small lead particles, small enough to be unnoticed by the unsuspecting eater, but large enough to cause dangerous health effects. Even at low concentrations, lead in adult humans interferes with renal function, affects learning and thinking, and disrupts our reproductive system. In children, nervous system development is impacted, and there is no such thing as a safe blood lead level. In communities getting a substantial proportion of their protein from wild meat, blood levels with significant lead levels are commonly found. The Solution For shotgun shells, various non-lead materials are now available for upland small game hunting, including steel, bismuth, and tungsten. For large game hunting, all-copper rifle bullets are now on the market for most calibers, and are gaining rapidly in popularity. These bullets retain their mass when entering an animal, without losing small pieces like lead does. Non-lead ballistic characteristics are very acceptable for most hunting situations, and the modern copper bullets have been field proven to be at least as lethal as conventional bullets. The only disadvantage of non-lead bullets is their cost, which is on average about 40% higher. In 2008, California banned lead ammunition in areas where California Condors live, as lead was identified as one of the major threats to that species’ existence. The ban will be extended to the entire state by 2019. For More Information Web resource discussing the science: Hunting with Non-lead. United States Geological Survey. Lead Poisoning in Wild Birds.

Southern and northern chinese business negotiations Essay

Southern and northern chinese business negotiations - Essay Example The compulsions of the present times require versatility in the work ideology and functioning, thus making it imperative that individuals and firms, embrace the multi-cultural to meet the challenges with efficiency and unmatched proficiency. Emerging markets are crucial in the era of globalization and can be defined as the new area with high income and where the demand for the product can be created with relative success. Cases of developing economies like China and India are prime examples that have huge potential for developing markets. China, with its fast developing economy, is a strong emerging market that has tremendous scope for the multinational companies. We would therefore be looking at the factors that have significant impact on the business negotiations and analyzing those factors for their role and impact on the company’s marketing policies and strategies in such market conditions because market strategies need to be tailored according to the environmental conditions of the place. China is the fastest developing economy that has captured a large market segment of the world market in the last decade and a half. The country also boasts of a highly cultural society that takes pride in its more than thousand years old culture and firmly believes in conducting its business within the broader framework of its cultural values and business ethics. The vast differences in the socio cultural values of the eastern countries and the western countries have complicated the business negotiation techniques which need to be further explored for better understanding of cross cultural values and business ethics. The purpose of the study is to examine the factors that influence the business negotiations of China with the international business community at large and the West in particular. In the fast changing global equation of socio economic development, it is

Security issues associated with Social Media Essay

Security issues associated with Social Media - Essay Example Similarly, social medical security concerns have dominated the highlights in the last few decades, (Ludlow, 1996). With various social media products, the default setting spread everything and clients have to set their views to privatize their accounts. These practices open up various security concerns because various people gains access to personal information. With modern cases of malware, phishing and spam, social media products create various security issues. Cybercrime can hack information about a user from his social networking posts or profile and shape his attacks in accordance to his like and interests. Experts define this as social engineering, an act that makes security risks increasingly hard to recognize. Some social media users share large private information amount in their social media products such as Facebook and MySpace. Such information entails personal, demographic and other information, pictures and videos. Various clients publish their information publicly and any careful thought. Therefore, social media has turned out to be a main pool of sensitive information. Additionally, users of social media are mainly confident on their colleagues. They constantly incline to friend requests and entertain sent items. This may compromise personal details that hackers may take advantage of to attack users. Similarly, inadequate physical contact on such social media products can reduce the natural defenses of users, resulting into people revealing private information to strangers and enemies, (Dhillon, 2002). Sharing private information such as passwords, contact details, images and other confidential information in social media products is increasingly dangerous. Theoretically, a person can find out the city you reside and your whereabouts at a certain hour of the day. With the help of the pictures, the person can show up and pretend to be a long lost relative who is lucky and need some financial assistance. Inadequate physical contact allows false pr ofile creation, for instance, a user may think he is chatting with his family member (brother or sister) while he is chatting with a stranger from another place. Excessive chatting on social media sites can create unnecessary gossips about the organization that an employee works and its strategic goals and plans, while unscrupulous rival can engineer workers into disclosing company’s intellectual property, (Quigley, 2005). In some cases, hackers go direct to the source and inject malicious passwords or codes into social media sites such as internal advertisements and third-party applications. For instance, in Twitter, summarized URLs are utilized to trick clients into opening malicious sites, which can extract individual or organizational data if accessed via office computer. Similarly, Twitter is mainly vulnerable to this mechanism as it is possible to tweet a posts to be posted and revealed to a million of people. Hacking of accounts is not mainly a security issues from the friends circles angle, it is extremely risky to workers and users too. Poor management of accounts passwords and unencrypted connections are a risky mix that may result to hijacks of accounts and the possibility for adverse reputational

The Psychology and the History of Quebec Nationalism Essay

The Psychology and the History of Quebec Nationalism - Essay Example "While nationalism does not necessarily arise in all nations, it, nevertheless, cannot exist without the context of the existence of a nation."2 Quebec is a nation that has repeatedly attempted to separate from Canada. Specifically, they are seeking to independence from Canada while retaining an economic partnership. Quebec was founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, became an English colony in 1763, was reestablished with French law in 1774, divided by the English in 1791, and reunited by the Act of the Union in 1840. Since then, Quebec has been in a constant battle with Canada to become its own nation. Recently, Canada has opposed all efforts and even some compromises of Quebec's drive for separation.3 In order to examine this issue within the context of Quebec, one must examine it from both an historical and a psychological perspective. The historical perspective will trace the significant developments within this struggle and analyze its historical (including legislative and judicial) issues and impacts. In addition, the psychological perspective will examine the underlying ideas of the conflict on a behavioral and socio/personal basis. Integrating these two approaches will effectively paint an overall picture of the political and social aspects involved with Quebec's battle for a national identity. __________________ 1. Belanger, Claude,(2000),Events, Issues, and Concepts of Quebec History: Quebec Nationalism. Quebec History. Available from: Http://www2.marianopolis.edu/ quebechistory/events/natpart1.htm 2. Belanger 3. Perspective and History of Quebec Nationalism, UNI, Available from: http://www.uni.ca/history.html History of the Conflict It is impossible to analyze and issue of politics without first setting up its historical canvas. Before the mid 1900s, most nationalistic movements in Canada had to do with French Canadians as a whole rather than specifically Quebec nationalism. In 1962 Jean Lesage requested that Quebec be granted a type of "special status"; Daniel Johnson asked that proposed an establishment of "associated states" in 1967; Robert Bourassa asked that Quebec be given "distinct society" status in 1970, 1973 and 1976. All met with failure.4 Following this was the 1976 election of the Parti Quebecois. This party held a referendum in 1980 that sought to negotiate a political sovereignty from and an economic association with Canada. The people voted it down by a measure of 60/40. Many interpret this failure as a result of the belief in false promises of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau. In fact, the federal government repatriated its own constitution which enabled Canada to then make modifications to it. The federal government did not reach this agreement with the provinces but on its own. It took effect in 1982 even though Quebec vociferously opposed it because it limited Quebec's ability to control matters of language and culture. Quebec has never signed this constitution. 5 In an attempt at compromise, Quebec asked the federal government to consider five clauses to be added to its constitution in a 1990 vote. These clauses became known as the Meech Lake Accord, and passing them would have allowed Quebec to sign the Canadian constitution. Two provinces refused to agree to the Meech Lake Ac

Symbolic Mediation Internalization Learning Process And Zpd Education Essay

Symbolic Mediation Internalization Learning Process And Zpd Education Essay Second language acquisition (SLA) is a relatively new field, which was seen as an adjunct of language teaching pedagogy before 1960s (Myles, 2010). Ellis (1994) defined three aspects that are responsible for L2 acquisition: external factors (social factors, input and interactions); internal factors (learners existing knowledge and internal mechanisms) and individual learner factors (P. 193). The social factors was investigated under heavy influence from Vygotskys Zone of Proximal Developments (ZPD). In this paper, major focus would be around the notion and application of ZPD, including: defining ZPD and key concepts of Vygotskys theory relating to ZPD: symbolic mediation, internalization,learning process, the role of interlocutor and learner; comparing Vygotskys social cultural theory (SCT) with Piagets cognitive theory; comparing Vygotskys Zone of Proximal Developments with Krashens notion of i+1 hypothesis Symbolic mediation, internalization , learning process and ZPD The social-cultural theory, stemmed from Vygotskys thoughts claims that the language learning process is socially mediated (Lantolf, 2000). Lantolf (1994) stressed that from Vygotskian perspective, the higher forms of human mental activity are always, and everywhere, mediated by symbolic means (P. 418) The symbolic mediation refers to the external process via symbolic signs or tools in social context through which learner can control mental process after internalization (Lightbown Spada, 2006). Lantolf (2000) regards language, among all the symbolic tools, as the most powerful psychological tool (P. 81). Through the mediation of language, the child or learner learns how to perform a task or solve a problem with the help from a more skilled individual (Mitchell Myles, 2004). In other words, the learning process starts as an inter-mental activity, by the more skilled individual sharing through talk, and ends as an intra-mental activity, with the shared knowledge taken in by the unski lled individual. Thus, according to Vygotsky, learning includes two stages: shared understanding in social context through symbolic mediation (mainly in the form of dialogue) and internalization of the shared knowledge by individual. The learning process from a Vygotskyan perspective is described as new concepts continue to be acquired through social/interactional means (Mitchell Myles, 2004, P. 147). Vygotsky defines the concept of zone of proximal development (ZPD), as the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86). In other words, the role of more advanced interlocutor is stressed by assisting individual crossing the gap between actual level (what the learner can do alone) and potential level (what the learner can achieve with help). The learner is cognitively prepared for solving more complex problems if supported by an interlocutor. More importance has been attached to social interaction between learner and interlocutor, which is regarded as a causative force in acquisition (Saville-Troike, 2006, P. 111). Vygotsky versus Piaget Zuengler and Miller (2006) reviewed the ongoing debates on whether a separation should be made between second language acquisition and second language use and the debates on the commensurability of theories from different schools. It may be interesting to notice that the differences between sociocultural theory and cognitive theory bear relationship with their origins -Vygotsky, the father of socioculture theory and Piaget, the father of cognitive theory. Piaget and Vygotsky are among the earliest proponents to link childrens language development with their cognitive development (Lightbown Spada, 2006). For Piaget, the cognitive development for children is realized through interaction with things around them and is presented by language which is not different from Vygotskys view. They share the view of learner as a social human being who are learning through interaction with environment and of learning and development as a contextually embedded process of interactions (Vianna Stetsenko, 2006, P. 85). However, the dissimilar emphasis that they place on social interaction leads to three major differences. For Piaget, children learn and develop in the environment. For Vygotsky, children not only learn and develop in the environment but also change it through interaction. Therefore, for Vygotsky, language is seen as a more powerful symbolic mediation (Lightbown Spada, 2006). The second difference is adaption versus transformation (Vianna Stetsenko, 2006, P. 87). For Piaget, human develop by assimilation and accommodation to adapt to the environment, whereas for Vygotsky, human develop by actively changing the environment. The third difference lies in their view of the priority between learning and cognitive development. For Piaget, children need to be cognitively prepared to a certain stage before learning, while for Vygotsky, precedence is given to learning instead of development. Therefore, Vygotsky argue for teaching or learning within ZPD, where learners could do more with scaf folding from interlocutors than their independent performance (Zuengler Miller, 2006). ZPD versus i+1 Second language scholars have suggested the feasibility of integrating Krashens i+1 with Vygotskys zone of proximal development (ZPD) based on their similarities. Dunn and Lantolf (1998) have stated the incommensurability of these two concepts not only because they are unrelated but also because they are based on incommensurable theoretical discourses (P. 411) In Krashens view, humans acquire language in only one way-by understanding messages, or by receiving comprehensible input . . . that contains structures at our next stage- structures that are a bit beyond our current level of competence (Krashen, 1985, p. 2). More specifically, three factors contribute to language learning learners internalized grammar,namely the i, input containing linguistic structure a bit beyond learners current level, namely the i+1 and learners internal language processing mechanism (LAD) For Vygotsky, as mentioned above, ZPD is defined as those functions that have not yet matured but are in the process of maturation (1978, p. 86). A more holistic picture has been drawn with respect to language learning learner, interlocutor, their social cultural backgrounds, their goals and motives and all the resources available (Dunn Lantolf, 1998). Learning and development occur in both situations, where learner will surpass their current level either with assistance from a more advanced interlocutor within learners ZPD or with acquisition of linguistic structure i+1, which may contribute largely to their seemingly similarities. However, it would be cautious to notice as well that the development occur with a comparison of learners current level, that is learner himself. Therefore, it would be less justifiable to view the development in Krashens term as an equivalent to that in Vygotskys theory. Also it would be more reasonable to notice that the construct of ZPD and i+1 cannot stand without considering the theocratical frame that they root in respectively. Therefore, a comparison would be made between theories that have incubated these two constructs with respect to the relationship between learning and development, the consequence of learning, the role of language, learner and interlocutor and the role of social interaction. The fundamental difference between Krashens theory with Vygotskys theory is their diverse view on the relationship between instruction learning and cognitive development. Krashen hold the view as a separatist, who perceive learning under instruction and cognitive development as two independent process (Dunn Lantolf, 1998, P. 491). Therefore, Krashen intentionally draw a line between learning and acquisition, arguing that only though subconscious acquisition can comprehensible input be acquired, and learners cognition be developed. Conversely, Vygotsky presented a dualistic quality to development, that is whether learning consciously or not, a mutual influence exists between learning and development ( Dunn Lantolf, 1998, P. 491). Thus, learners are learning and developing at the same time, and the site where learning and development meet is called ZPD. Secondly, Krashen and Vygotsky differ in their view of the consequence of learning, based on their divergent view on learning and development. For Krashen, the outcome of learning is the linguistic structure that is a bit beyond learners current level, and with the acquisition of this feature, learner has developed cognitively, ready to obtain the next i +1. Whereas for Vygotsky, learners are developing along the whole learning process, which means that not only the immediate future, but also the maturing process account for development (Dunn Lantolf, 1998, P. 422). Therefore, it is the variability between acquisition and Internalization (Kinginger, 2002, P. 418). Thirdly, the roles of language, learner and interlocutor are interpreted differently. From Krashens point, language is conceived as a container of linguistic features with comprehensible input and learner as a container with Language Acquisition Device (LAD), the individual process mechanism built inside minds, and the assistance from interlocutor is not necessary (Dunn Lantolf, 1998, P. 418). In contrast, from Vygotskys perspective, language is one of the the most powerful psychological tool of semiotic mediation system (Lightbown Spada, 2006, P. 81), and thus representing the mediated forms of cognition (Dunn Lantolf, 1998, P. 426). Both learner and interlocutor are portrayed as a social human being, with motivation and social cultural identity, instead of a loner with an innate ability to process (Kinginger, 2001, P. 419). Moreover, unbalanced attention is given to social interaction in the frame developed by Krashen and Vygotsky. Krashen assigned relatively little importance to social interaction due to the existence of LAD, despite his support for a weak form of interaction: meaning negotiating proposed by Long (1996). In other words, Krashen argues that the strong form of interaction such as scaffolding or peer collaboration as well as learner output bear no direct relevance to SLA (Dunn Lantolf, 1998). In contrast, social interaction is viewed as the medium and the result of development by Vygotskian scholars (Kinginger, 2001, P. 422). Thus in order to maximize learners acquisition, interlocutor should scaffold the learner along ZPD and learners comprehensible output is as important as comprehensible input. Conclusion Over the past decade, there has been an increasing number of SLA researches conducted under the influence of socioculture theory (SCT) based on the work of Vygotsky (Ableeva Lantolf, 2011; Brooks Swain et al., 2010; Kinginger, 2002; Knouzi Swain et al., 2010; Lantolf, 2007; Foster Ohta, 2005; Swain Deters, 2007; Swain Lapkin et al, 2009). This theory differs from other theory describing the SLA in the stance that social environment is not only a learning context but rather a significant contributor to language acquisition (Swain Deters, 2007). Thus the concept built in SCT framework such as ZPD, cannot be viewed separately away from its origin, which implies that it would be best for any future comparison or commensuration of concepts from unlike theories be made with their roots considered. Also the incommensurability precisely add the value to the theory building in SLA field, not only for the sake of the this particular school itself but also for a helpful reflection for ot her schools.It is with this sharp comparison between different perspectives, a more holistic picture can be draw for L2 acquisition, despite the criticisms been made and the debates ongoing (Zuengler Miller, 2006). Lantolf (1996) have shown his welcome for a future of letting all the flowers bloom in SLA theory building and I simply cannot agree more with him (P.713-49).