Saturday, May 23, 2020

The Legend of the Fifth Sun

The Aztec creation myth which describes how the world originated is called the Legend of the Fifth Sun. Several different versions of this myth exist, and this is for a few reasons. First is because the stories were originally passed down by oral tradition. Also a factor is that the Aztecs adopted and modified gods and myths from other tribes that they met and conquered. According to the Aztec creation myth, the world of the Aztecs at the time of the Spanish colonization was the fifth era of a cycle of creation and destruction—they believed their world had been created and destroyed four times before. During each of the four previous cycles, different gods governed the earth through a dominant element and then destroyed it. These worlds were called suns. In the Beginning In the beginning, according to Aztec mythology, the creator couple of Tonacacihuatl and Tonacateuctli (also known as the god Ometeotl, who was both male and female) gave birth to four sons, the Tezcatlipocas of the East, North, South, and West. After 600 years, the sons began to create the universe, including the creation of cosmic time, called suns. These gods eventually created the world and all the other deities. After the world was created, the gods gave light to humans. But to do this, one of the gods had to sacrifice himself by leaping into a fire. Each subsequent sun was created by the personal sacrifice of at least one of the gods. Thus, a key element of the story—like in all Aztec culture—is that sacrifice is required to begin renewal. Four Cycles The first god to sacrifice himself was Tezcatlipoca (also known as Black Tezcatlipoca), who leaped into the fire and started the First Sun, called 4 Tiger. This period was inhabited by giants who ate only acorns, and it came to an end when the giants were devoured by jaguars. The world lasted 676 years, or 13 52-year cycles, according to the pan-Mesoamerican calendar.The Second Sun, or 4-Wind Sun, was governed by Quetzalcoatl (also known as White Tezcatlipoca). Here, the earth was populated by humans who ate only pià ±on nuts. Tezcatlipoca wanted to be Sun, however, and turned himself into a tiger and threw Quetzalcoatl off his throne. This world came to an end through catastrophic hurricanes and floods. The few survivors fled to the tops of the trees and were transformed into monkeys. This world also lasted 676 years.The Third Sun, or 4-Rain Sun, was dominated by water; its ruling deity was the rain god Tlaloc, and its people ate seeds that grew in the water. This world came to an end when the god Quetzalcoatl made it rain fire and ashes, and the survivors became turkeys, butterflies, or dogs. It lasted just seven cycles—364 years.The Fourth Sun, the 4-Water Sun, was governed by the goddess Chalchiuthlicue, sister and wife of Tlaloc. Here, the people ate maize. A great flood marked the end of this world, and all the people were transformed into fish. Like the first and second suns, the 4-Water Sun lasted for 676 years. Creating the Fifth Sun At the end of the fourth sun, the gods gathered at Teotihuacan to decide who had to sacrifice him/herself for the new world to begin. The god Huehuetà ©otl—the old fire god—started a sacrificial bonfire, but none of the most important gods wanted to jump into the flames. The rich and proud god Tecuciztecatl—Lord of the Snails—hesitated, and during that hesitation, the humble and poor Nanahuatzin (meaning full of sores) leaped into the flames and became the new sun. Tecuciztecatl jumped in after him to become a second sun. However, the gods realized that two suns would overwhelm the world, so they threw a rabbit at Tecuciztecal and he became the moon—that is why you can still see the rabbit in the moon today. The two celestial bodies were set in motion by Ehecatl, the god of the wind, who fiercely and violently blew the sun into motion. The Fifth Sun The Fifth Sun (called 4-Movement) is ruled by Tonatiuh, the sun god. This fifth sun is characterized by the daysign Ollin, which means movement. According to Aztec beliefs, this indicated that this world would come to an end through earthquakes, and all the people will be eaten by sky monsters. The Aztecs considered themselves the People of the Sun, and therefore their duty was to nourish the Sun god through blood offerings and sacrifices. Failure to do this would cause the end of their world and the disappearance of the sun from the sky. The New Fire Ceremony At the end of each 52-year cycle, the Aztec priests carried out the New Fire Ceremony, or binding of the years. The legend of the five suns predicted the end of a calendar cycle, but it was not known which cycle would be the last one. The Aztec people would clean their houses, discarding all household idols, cooking pots, clothing, and mats. During the last five days, fires were extinguished and the people climbed on their roofs to await the fate of the world. On the last day of the calendar cycle, the priests would climb the Star Mountain, today known in Spanish as Cerro de la Estrella, and watch the rise of the Pleiades to ensure it followed its normal path. A fire drill was placed through the heart of a sacrificial victim; if the fire could not be lit, the myth said, the sun would be destroyed forever. The successful fire was then brought to Tenochtitlan to relight hearths throughout the city. According to the Spanish chronicler Bernardo Sahagun, the New Fire ceremony was conducted every 52 years in villages throughout the Aztec world. Updated by K. Kris Hirst Sources: Adams REW. 1991. Prehistoric Mesoamerica. Third Edition. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Read KA. 1986. The Fleeting Moment: Cosmogony, Eschatology, and Ethics in Aztec Religion and Society. The Journal of Religious Ethics 14(1):113-138.Smith ME. 2013. The Aztecs. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Taube KA. 1993. Aztec and Maya Myths. Fourth Edition. Austin: University of Texas Press.Van Tuerenhout DR. 2005. The Aztecs. New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO Inc.

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

George Orwell s 1984 And One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest

â€Å"The resort to fear by systems of power to discipline the domestic population has left a long and terrible trail of bloodshed and suffering which we ignore at our peril† (Chomsky). This is significant because it relates to both 1984 and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Fear is used in both of these stories to discipline the domestic population and ends up being effective. These two novels are ran by totalitarian like structures. The characters are under a certain person s rule, creating the totalitarian government. In these societies, fear is used to gain power in these governments. The manipulation of fear is used in both 1984 and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest in the manner of which the authoritarians control every aspect of the character’s lives. In 1984 the manipulation of fear is used to brainwash the citizens of Oceania. This concept is used to make the people of the society believe in Big Brother and the government’s rules and also go against each other. With only one way to think and only one point of view, the citizens of Oceania are brainwashed into believing everything the people of the government are telling them. Big Brother is symbolized as the leader or â€Å"God† of this society which the people trust in. The citizens are basically forced to believe everything that they are told without questioning it or going against it because of fear of consequences. The Party brainwashes the people of Oceania to become loyal to them and not rebel. They also brainwash theShow MoreRelated A Tale of Four Novels1596 Words   |  7 Pagesto exterminate the bourgeoisie in order to gain freedom and get revenge at the same time. The central theme of man’s search for power is present in A Tale of Two Cities and i s recurring in many works of literature including Hamlet, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and 1984. In A Tale of Two Cities the primary conflict is the revolution in which the proletariat aim to overthrow the bourgeoisie in an effort to gain freedom as they are oppressed and in a state of poverty. Dickens has previously stated

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Communication In Business Free Essays

Many f our historic brands such as Johnnie Walker and Guinness were built on the same corporate citizenship that we hold today. We agree to the fact that we cannot change the world on our own. With our participation and continuous support towards the UN Global Compact, we can learn from others and show leadership. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication In Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though, here at Adagio Pl, we recognize that there are still many changes and improvements that need to be made among us and also among our supply chains. This submission hopes to continue our commitment to the UN Global Compact policies by proposing recommendations based on our experiences and mistakes to the local network. Our local network region chosen will be India. The recommendations are based on two principles of the UN Global Compact. The principles are 1) Principle 2: â€Å"Businesses should make sure they are not complicit in human rights abuses. † (The Ten Principles/ Principle 2 2012). 2) Principle 8: â€Å"Businesses should undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility’ (The Ten Principles/ Principle 8 2012). The recommendations are:- Encourage suppliers to Join the Suppliers Ethical Data Exchange (Sexed). Encourage other corporations to harness employee’s power. Recommendation 1 Our experience in developing countries has shown how complicity in human right abuses can arise when negligence occurred in the supply chain. We learned from our mistakes and come up with the following recommendation to prevent such thing from happening again in India. We Join the Suppliers Ethical Data Exchange (Sexed) (Adagio 2007). Through Sexed, suppliers will post a self-assessment of their practices and products. These can be accessed by any of their customers. At present we count 300 of our own suppliers in Sexed. The assessment of each supplier is then closely checked against the Ethical Trading Initiative standards of human rights. We encourage all suppliers of Adagio Pl to Join the Sexed. We also Join a group of food and drink manufacturers who have strong belief on the fact that their supply chains should operate in the highest standards towards human rights. We are currently working with suppliers assessed as non-compliant and try to make them improve. Incase there is no improvement from our supplier; we retain the possibility of seeking alternative sources of supply. This year, we stopped our business with one of our supplier in Asia because he was not willing to report his performance. Benefits and Implications Consumers: They are given information about the product that they will be using directly from our supplier. Moreover they will know whether or not the supplier is compliant with current human right policies. Suppliers: Getting involved in Sexed will definitely capture the interest of other companies in the product they made. Shareholders: By avoiding human rights controversies, the company will be protected against legislative and financial repercussion and as a result the company’s profit will not be affected. Recommendation 2 Since we’re been creating our 201 5 targets, we have been working hard to minimize our environmental impact. Targeting the obvious things can be straightforward. But to able to address our other impacts, we needed the knowledge and ideas of the people on the ground in our daily operations. We realized that the employee’s involvement could be the missing link to achieve our environmental targets. We come up with the Greening as recommendation (Adagio Sustainability Responsibility Report 2011). Greening is the codename for the strategy implemented to encourage employees to act in an environmental friendly way. The employees from different site will form teams known as the â€Å"GREEN TEAM†. Teams will compete to win Olympic- Tyler medals for completing environmental initiatives. These ranges from bronze medal projects to gold medal achievements. Winning sites will be chosen across the whole world and each winner will be awarded EYE,OHO to invest in the new environmental friendly project either on site or locally. Also depending on the success of the program, one idea is to launch a new platinum category to reward gold medal sites that will help another facility start a green team. Our business is about celebration and we try to bring that into everything we do. And also the reason why Greening will work is we tap our people’s sense of community and also their nominative spirit. Benefits and Implications Employees: Capture the interests of 20,000 people working on all level of our business in 80 sites across 40 countries and also provide a platform for the employees to share their idea. Consumers: This will create an impact in the mind of our consumers. People are starting to care for their future generation. They want to deal with firms who are environmentally responsible. Greening will definitely create something positive for our company. Environment: The purpose of Greening is the impact it has on the environment whilst the main purpose of the whole program. The award winning project will be implemented throughout all sites in the world. We are expecting achievements like cutting amount of water used by 60% or reducing amount of carbon dioxide emission by 50% on our site. Greening will definitely be beneficial for the environment. Challenges The implementation of the proposed recommendations will be a challenging task. The problem with the first recommendation is that withdrawing from a non- compliant supplier will only displace the problem rather than solving it. Our action could affect the supplier’s employees and owners. For small community, the loss in business of the supplier could have big economic implications. Our objective is to balance those risks and help the supplier to improve instead. The challenge faced due to the second recommendation is not all employees will be willing to take part in the program. Creating awareness among the employees is also of great concern for A success story We at Adagio Pl have responsibility towards our stakeholders and the environment. We continue to show our support to the principles of the UN Global Compact. We believe that the proposed recommendation could be used as a guideline by our local network and other corporation to fulfill their social contract towards their stakeholders. By creating innovative and smart CARS approaches, our business and our society will benefit hence continuing our success story. How to cite Communication In Business, Papers

Saturday, May 2, 2020

Marshall Mathers LP by Eminem free essay sample

Marshall Mathers LP is the fastest selling rap album of all time and sold a total of 1.76 million copies. So, it was obviously very popular. After listening to the album, I can understand why it sold so well. It’s amazing. The lyrics actually make sense unlike some rap songs and have a purpose behind them. In fact, if you took the lyrics out of the music, they would make a quite an excellent poem. Eminem also has an incredible talent of rapping extremely fast which is absolutely awesome to listen to. Also, the album holds several unforgettable songs like â€Å"The Real Slim Shady†, â€Å"Stan†, â€Å"I’m Back†, and â€Å"The Way I Am†. The songs on this album show Eminem’s wide variety of voices and talents. The album also vividly shows Eminem’s personality which is both good and bad. This is good because it shows how passionate he is about rap and how hard he works to make the best songs. We will write a custom essay sample on Marshall Mathers LP by Eminem or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It’s bad because he sometimes steps over the line with his humor. But this is easy to ignore. I strongly recommend this album but, if you get it, do not get the clean version. A substantial part of the songs will be censored. In conclusion, Marshall Mathers LP is a must have album for any rap fan.